MADAGASCAR
Présentation
| Madagascar en bref |
Superficie :
587.014 km2
Régime politique :
République, démocratie parlementaire
Monnaie :
L'Ariary (Ar ou MGA) depuis le 1er janvier 2005.
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1 euro ~ Ar du
Population :
16.000.000 hbt
Age moyen: 22 ans
Population active: 54,2%
Taux d'accroissement démographique: 2,8%
Population en milieu rural: 77%
Habitants :
Malgaches
Langues :
Malgache, Français, Anglais
Communications :
45.000 km de pistes, 5.000 km de routes asphaltées, 900 km de voies ferrées, 46 aérodromes
Densité :
28 hbt au km2
Religion :
Culte des ancêtres, protestantisme, catholicisme, islam, bouddhisme
Principales villes :
Antananarivo (la capitale), Diégo, Majunga, Tamatave, Tuléar et Fianrantsoa
Décalage horaire :
Par rapport à la France : 2 heures en hiver et 1 heure en été
Electricité :
220 V - 50/60 Hz
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Madagascar ou l'île continent, contre le flanc de l'Afrique et aux portes de l'Asie, présente de nombreuses opportunités, principalement économiques.
Quatrième île du monde par ses dimensions, Madagascar est une véritable réserve naturelle, avec des côtes s'allongeant sur 5.000 km, des richessses naturelles, minières et humaines uniques.
Situation géographique
Situé dans le sud ouest de l'Océan Indien, Madagascar couvre une superficie de 587 000 km² aussi vaste que variée. S'étendant sur 1 500 km du Cap d'Ambre (nord) au cap Sainte Marie (sud), il atteint une largeur de 600 km entre Mahavelo (est) et Tambohorano (ouest) et présente 5 000 km de côtes.
De par sa situation géographique, entre le tropique du Capricorne et l'Equateur, Madagascar est situé dans une zone intertropicale.
Le climat est assez diversifié, le climat tropical d'altitude sur les hauts plateaux, tropical et humide sur la côte Est, tropical sec et tempéré dans le Nord, tropical semi-aride dans le Sud, et tropical sec à saison sèche dans le Moyen Ouest et l'Ouest.
Madagascar, en vertu de sa superficie, nous offre une gamme très diverse de reliefs, comprenant les hautes terres centralisées d'une longue chaîne montagneuse d'altitude moyenne d'environ 1 500 mètre du Nord au Sud, le versant Est descendant en rapide entrecoupé de falaises, les plaines et plateaux de l'Ouest avec un relief adouci, l'extrême Sud, au relief peu accidenté en général, et le Nord au relief complexe. Partenaires et affiliations
La République de Madagascar ayant opté pour une économie de type libéral, s'est attelée à créer des conditions nécessaires pour son intégration harmonieuse dans l'économie mondiale par la diversification de ses relations commerciales. Ainsi, des accords multilatéraux, régionaux et bilatéraux ont été conclus. Accords multilatéraux
Madagascar a accédé à l'Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) le 30 septembre 1963.
En signant le 15 avril 1994 l'Acte final du Cycle d'Uruguay et l'Accord de Marrakech établissant l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC), Madagascar est devenu membre originel le 17 novembre 1995.
Madagascar bénéficie des avantages accordés aux pays en développement pour la mise en oeuvre d'un certain nombre d'engagements pris au titre des Accords de l'OMC. Cependant, Madagascar rencontre des difficultés quant à la mise en oeuvre des Accords et des décisions de l'OMC nécessitant une assistance technique plus renforcée.
Sur le traitement NPF, Madagascar l'accorde au moins à tous ses partenaires commerciaux. L'objectif des autorités malgaches est de mettre en application toutes les obligations découlant des engagements pris au niveau multilatéral en élaborant une législation et une réglementation adéquates.
La République de Madagascar est membre de l'ONU. Accords régionaux
Madagascar appartient à 3 groupes régionaux : le Marché Commun de l'Afrique de l'Est et de l'Afrique Australe (COMESA), la Commission de l'Océan Indien (COI), l'Accord de Partenariat Economique (APE, ex-Accord de Cotonou).
La politique de la coopération régionale du pays suit les recommandations de l'Initiative Transfrontalière (ITF) devenue Forum de Facilitation de l'Intégration Régionale (RIFF) et qui a été mise en oeuvre pour faciliter l'intégration régionale en Afrique.
a) COMESA
Cette Organisation a pour but de:
- promouvoir la coopération et le développement de ses pays membres dans tous les domaines de l'activité économique, et
- renforcer le processus d'intégration économique de la région.
Les Etats membres ont adopté un programme d'élimination des droits de douane et constituer une ZLE (Zone de Libre Echange). Ce programme est effectif depuis octobre 2000 entre neuf pays dont Madagascar.
b) COI
Elle a été créée en vue de promouvoir la coopération économique, sociale, culturelle... entre les cinq îles de l'Océan Indien, à savoir Madagascar, les Comores, la Réunion, l'Île Maurice, et les Seychelles.
Dans le domaine commercial, la mise en oeuvre du Programme Régional Intégré pour le Développement des Echanges (PRIDE) depuis 1995 a pour objectif le développement des échanges inter-îles à travers la dynamisation du secteur privé moyennant l'élimination des obstacles au commerce.
c) Accord de Partenariat ACP-UE
Madagascar est signataire de la Convention de Lomé devenue Accord de Partenariat ACP-UE depuis février 2000.
Cet accord a été conclu en vue de promouvoir et d'accélérer le développement économique, culturel et social des Etats ACP. Son objectif est centré sur la lutte pour la réduction de la pauvreté.
Jusqu' en 2007, les produits originaires des pays ACP continueront de bénéficier des préférences tarifaires sur le Marché européen.
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